Nerdy Science Blog

Earth-Water-Wind-Fire-Gadgets. The latest addition to our lives- our gadgets, the fifth pillar. We got a blackberry for travel, Macbook for personal use and Windows desktop at work, without these our lives would be incomplete. The main problem that we encounter is sharing of data. Anywhere we go, we want to use the same interface, in other words start any computer and look at your personalised desktop. Your files which are randomly stored on different websites can be put in to a single folder just like your own personal computer. Apart from that even if your system crashes, if you just open your web browser and type the magic word www.g.ho.st , you can still meet your deadline.

G.ho.st operating system, a real ghost software that can move through walls. For starters, you need a basic system with very basic OS and a web browser. Create a user name and password and log in to your new desktop. Ghost provides a 15 GB free space, and if you want more you can pay for it. Apart from that it incorporates a whole lot of free software such as Google docs, Ghost mail, web browser, games etc just like an operating System. In addition to these facilities the software is free from any kind of security threats, hence assuring data security. Ghost the operating system also resurrected the long forgotten Peer to Peer softwares. There is a buddy program that is incorporated with the GHOST system that allows you to share your files with your ghost buddies. This way you can safely share files just like a LAN even if you are on the other side of the world.

The Graphic user interface of Ghost is remarkably similar to which is very close to normal OS. Infact, it has a desktop just like your OS. It has toolbars and folders which are similar to Mac and Windows. It provides more features than Mac and Windows. In this age, all softwares are hosted on a global platform, hence it is only logical that a Web hosted OS must be available so that we can have ease of access to these technologies. Another trend observed in the recent years is the increase in time spent of Internet for doing all the tasks that were assigned to OS. In a nutshell, we use windows just as a window to access the world of Internet. Thus paying for windows is just like paying for window shopping at the mall.

Basically GHOST is like what Big Mac would be if it was for free and no fat but with the same taste-irresistible. GHOST provides all the features of PC and hosted software. GHOST gives instant access from anywhere to your desktop. SO that means you don’t even have to carry your laptop wherever you go. Just log on to GHOST from any other computer and Voila all your stuff will be right in front of your eyes. Furthermore you don’t need to waste time and money buying installation cds since there is no need to install. No installation means no more irritating updates. GHOST also ensures that your files and information are backed up and kept secure. WEB OS are more convenient than basic hosted softwares because GHOST provides single URL for all your purposes. That is similar to a miracle drug that can cure all ailments. Furthermore you can manage multiple programs with a single user name and password. GHOST also provides sophisticated directory of online services and enables file sharing. It also includes some user interface standards and developer libraries for graphical user interfaces. It also is easy to handle and provides interoperability between different hosted applications .

It makes no sense to keep reducing the size of the laptop further and further when services like Web OS are emerging. GHOST gives a new meaning to the word portable. As the popularity of GHOST increases, The only thing that is going to increase for bill gates is his blood pressure. We have all witnessed for more than a decade, Microsoft coming up with new products and then later coming up with products that are more efficient than the older versions. It was a nice trick that earned Microsoft a lot of money. Well GHOST aims to be a more complete and user friendly OS that aims to provide a quality operating system which lives up to its responsibility of hiding technical implementation details from the user and more efficiently manage its own applications. Web OS like GHOST is going to lead a revolution just like what ipod did to the portable music. GHOST will soon be the new MICROSOFT of the IT industry. Move over Bill gates. The funny part is that the developers of GHOST are a group of Israelis and Palestine people. That’s what comes out of peace people!

Regardless one is Astronaut, Cosmonaut, Taikonaut or Spationaut, the longer time a person stayed in zero gravity, the more muscle one will lose.  Normally space travellers who stayed in zero-gravity space for long length of time, they might end up unable to walk or even sit up.

First human trial on NASA’s Short Radius Centrifuge involving 15 healthy male volunteers was ran by researchers at the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas.  The centrifuge will spin the subjects’ feet outward 30 times a minute, which creates a 2.5 times more gravity force onto the subjects.  The results showed that an hour a day on the centrifuge helped to prevent muscle loss by restoring muscle synthesis.

The paper was published by the researchers in July issue of Journal of Applied Physiology.

(news [journal][pic])

Actroid is a humanoid robot which closely resembles humans in physical appearance. It is developed by Osaka University and manufactured by Kokoro and Advanced Media. Actroid has strong visual human-likeness with limbs, torso and even facial expressions. These are controlled by a system of actuators powered by pneumatic pressure mechanisms. Once programmed, she is able to strategize her motions and gestures with her voice. It can mimic many lifelike functions like blinking, smiling, speaking, breathing etc. This stylish robot has thin arms and a wider range of expressions. With smooth walking ability, it can easily be confused for an actual woman. This good looking robot can understand 40,000 phrases in four different languages. The skin appears extremely realistic and is composed of silicone. Robot’s servo motors and most of the computer hardware units are powered externally. With firm support this humanoid can either sit or stand. Actroid’s can communicate by speaking with humans on an elementary level. These have in built microphones which record the speech of a human, this sound is then filtered and background or external noise is removed. Speech recognition software has been incorporated which then converts the stream of audio signals into words and sentences. This can then be processed by the Actroid’s processor. Response is given through speakers attached to the external to the unit. Interactivity is also enhanced through non-verbal methods. Actroids use directional vision sensors to maintain eye contact with the speaker. To a rudimentary level the robots can respond to body language and tone of voice and change their own facial expressions, tone etc according to the situation. This robot can even learn human like motions from different people if they appear before it with reflecting dots attached to their bodies in key positions. With its visual system this robot tracks these dots and makes its joint and limb movements to match with it, thus learns the motions. It also imitates human-like behavior such as the acts leaning, tilting head, breathing etc. Human-like presence of these robots is so effective that in the future these can be used it to teach in classes. Another glorious fact is that she can also perform rap music.

Bioloid is a very powerful system from Robotis. It is primarily an educational robot. Many advanced features have been incorporated into it. This package is also very user friendly. This kit can be used to develop a variety of robots from it for e.g. a humanoid biped, multi- legged robots, a wheeled robot, quadruped puppy robot, spider robot, dinosaur robot all are products of this simple kit. The Bioloid Kit comes with some powerful GUI-based software along with a very advanced hardware system. Since it is based on open source platform research related studies are possible via this kit. These can be used for entertainment, education and research purposes alike! The robot is constructed such that the user can make it complex or simple as per his wish. This 19 cm tall robot is a fun to work on. Smart actuators and serially controlled sensor-equipped servos make it one of the best available kits in the market. The servos also provide the user easy access to sensory feedbacks like position, speed, temperature information. The robot is so designed that they are capable of switching quickly between positions. Spare parts and accessories compatible with this kit are also available so that the user can further customize and upgrade this version. The most stunning and diverse feature of Bioloid Comprehensive Kit is that it allows you to build a 26 robots and further customize them. It is truly excellent package. These have simpler programming interface and are considered one of the easiest robot in the world to assemble. And this complete kit comes for just $3500 dollars. With just one controller board this has interchangeable robotic platforms. Servos communicate to this controller board through serial connections. Two software utilities come with the Bioloid kit- Motion Control Editor (GUI that enables frame by frame motion building) and Behavior Control Program (GUI that enables block programming sequences of events/motions). Thus Motion Editor generates the robots motion sequences and Behavior Control Program implements it. It can be programmed using C in Microsoft Windows. Flexible construction system and graphical programming software has put this unique model in high demand.

HRP-2m Choromet robot is a highly advanced and efficient robot when compared with other robots in the market. Priced at 498,750 yen it was developed by General Robotix Inc. and Moving Eye Inc. Currently the sales are restricted to Japan. HRP-2M Choromet is a 35cm tall robot. This unique robot has some amazing functionalities like 3D vision and object recognition. This robot developed in Japan can perform realistic dance steps and also tasks like opening the refrigerator. Flexibility of this robot comes from the 20 servos incorporated in it which give it 20 degrees of freedom. The HRP-2m Choromet can stand on one leg, lie down and even stand-up all by itself. This model has a gyro sensor, acceleration sensor and an Ethernet port for connectivity. The robot is specially designed to support the basic AIST software including the OpenHRP package. Complexity of Choromet is due to many sensors which enhance the features of this robot. In addition to accelerometer and gyroscope sensors in its trunk, its feet include special triaxial force sensors (on each leg). This large number of sensors enables it to be programmed using feedback loops. Choromet has wide range of motions like walking, waving, running, sitting etc and also has the ability to lie flat on its back or on its face, and then stand up again. Choromet’s CPU is SH-4(SH7751R) running at 240MHz (with 32 MB RAM and 32 MB Flash ROM). What distinguishes this 1 1/2 pound humanoid robot from others is that it runs on ART-Linux which is a hard real-time Linux ( developed at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology).

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was a mathematical genius born April 30^th 1777 in Braunschweig, Germany. Gauss made important discoveries in many disparate fields of science and mathematics, such as astronomy, number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, electrostatics, optics, and other areas. At an early age Gauss displayed a prodigious talent with numbers and later came to be known as the “prince of mathematicians,” and “the greatest mathematician since antiquity,” while being hugely influential to mathematicians and scientists since he contributed to so many different scientific fields.

Concerning Gauss’s precocious feats of numerical skill, at the age of three he corrected errors in his father’s accounting books; and when he was ten derived a formula for triangular numbers in a single flash of insight after his teacher challenged the class to sum all the numbers from 1 to 100; Gauss simply thought about the problem, saw the formula appear in his brilliant mind, and wrote down the correct answer (5050), then circled it. (Actually I just looked up this anecdote and found that it is not entirely true, even though that’s how it is commonly given in popular math books. The real story is that Gauss and his classmates were asked to sum 100 integers with a rather large difference (say 148) between each term, which is a much more difficult problem; but based on the same idea, Gauss is thought to have found the formula for triangular numbers.)

Regarding triangulars, they are simple yet fascinating integers that have an elegant definition and many interesting properties. They are dubbed triangular numbers since they can be arranged in geometric patterns like so:

Notice how they form (admittedly crude) triangles above. Their formula, which Gauss discovered, is T(n) = n * (n + 1)/2, which means you can insert any positive integer into the formula and a triangular number will pop out. Let’s try 16: (16 * 17)/2 = 136; so 136 is a triangular number. Here are the first 50 terms of the sequence of triangulars:

1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91, 105, 120, 136, 153, 171, 190,

210, 231, 253, 276, 300, 325, 351, 378, 406, 435, 465, 496, 528, 561, 595, 630,

666, 703, 741, 780, 820, 861, 903, 946, 990, 1035, 1081, 1128, 1176, 1225, 1275, …

And below are three of my favorite properties of triangular numbers.

1) Add any two consecutive triangulars together to produce a square. The proof can be seen geometrically like so:

2) Reverse the order of digits of some triangular numbers and you may get a different number that is still triangular. Here is one example: 1461195 = (1709 * 1710)/2, and reversing it produces 5911641 = (3438 * 3439)/2. These are pretty rare, but you may enjoy writing a computer program to search for more if you wish.

3) The 36^th triangular number is 666, the number of the beast. 666 is one of my absolute favorite integers. It is called the number of the beast due to verse 13:18 in Revelation. Here is the Good News Bible version of that verse:

This calls for wisdom. Whoever is intelligent can figure out the meaning of the number of the beast, because the number stands for the name of someone. Its number is 666.

So there you have three easy and somewhat well-known properties of triangular numbers.

Now let’s get a little more adventurous. Personally I like to find larger and more exotic numbers that still retain legitimate mathematical properties. I write computer programs to search for them and eventually pull the numbers straight down from the platonic realm. Here’s a prime I found that uses triangular numbers for some of its digits:

Isn’t that a bizarre beauty? Notice the internal palindromic triangle inside the top portion of the number, which is surrounded by a border of 1177s. (I had no particular reason for including 1s and 7s other than I thought they looked good in that combination.) Beneath the bottom row of the border begins the first 100 triangular numbers concatenated together in honor of the false Gauss story. I wish I could have found a triangular number instead of a prime that had the same basic pattern seen above, but triangulars are much harder to find than primes since they have less density in the number line.

The Tri-Gauss Prime above is an example of ‘concrete mathematics,’ which are unusual mathematical entities I invented. Concrete math involves certain classes of numbers (squares, harshads, primes, triangulars, etc.) but with words, figures, or symbols visible in the decimal expansions to add a striking visual component to the number.

The Tri-Gauss Prime is a concrete prime, meaning it’s an integer having no divisors other than itself and one, while the visual component is the palindromic triangle that can be seen in the layout of the number. That is, the digits are arranged in such a way that the triangle can be “pictured” in the decimal expansion. Pretty cool, isn’t it. The Tri Gauss Prime above initially appeared in my novel, Cocoon of Terror, which was published by Afterbirth Books. (Help me out by purchasing a copy today!)

Back to Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss. Gauss was also interested in philology and the study of languages and he actually had to choose between mathematics and philology when considering a career. Of course mathematics won out and he went on to make major discoveries in the field, such as being the first to prove the ‘fundamental theorem of algebra’ (although by modern standards his proof was not fully rigorous); plus he was the first to prove the quadratic reciprocity theorem (this one was legit). While still in college Gauss also proved that any regular polygon having a number of sides equal to a Fermat prime, can be constructed using only compass and straightedge, which was a major discovery. One of his later journal entries listed the line “Eureka! num = tri + tri + tri,” which meant he was the first to prove that every positive integer can be represented as the sum of at most three triangular numbers. At the age of only 21, Gauss finished his groundbreaking mathematical magnum opus titled, ‘Disquisitiones Arithmeticae’ which contained many ingenious ideas in number theory and other areas, all of which he discovered while still only a teenager. Gauss was also the first to find the basic principles of non-Euclidean geometry, but in the end decided not to published his findings. Recall that non-Euclidean geometry caused a total shift in the way math was viewed, and I suppose Gauss did not want to upset things in the math world by publishing his initial discoveries. Another accomplishment of Gauss’s was when Giuseppe Piazzi, the Italian astronomer who discovered the dwarf planet Ceres, lost sight of it for a time, and Gauss later correctly calculated its position in orbit so that Piazza could locate the planet again.

As I’ve been listing Gauss’s accomplishments above, I’ve been thinking of the lists of historical geniuses I have seen with guesstimates of their IQs, (that is, lists of people with the highest IQs throughout history), and how remarkable it is that Gauss has never once made an appearance on these lists. How is this possible? Gauss solved problems that no one else on Earth could even begin to contemplate; and he proved mathematical theorems no one else could tackle, yet I have never seen his name on a list of history’s greatest geniuses. What is going on here? How can these IQ experts never mention his name, and seem to not know who he is (or any other mathematicians for that matter, besides perhaps Leibniz)? I suspect the list makers know next to nothing about mathematics or science and are biased toward literature, philosophy, and other “reading and writing” disciplines instead of “problem solving” disciplines, therefore the accomplishments of mathematicians and scientists mean nothing to them, which makes me lose faith in the validity of IQ tests and the psychologists who put them together. Perhaps someday I will see Gauss appear on one of their genius lists which will give it some semblance of credibility.

TABLES OF COMPUTATIONS

TABLE ONE

The First 1000 Triangular Numbers

1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91, 105, 120, 136, 153, 171, 190, 210, 231, 253, 276, 300, 325, 351, 378, 406, 435, 465, 496, 528, 561, 595, 630, 666, 703, 741, 780, 820, 861, 903, 946, 990, 1035, 1081, 1128, 1176, 1225, 1275, 1326, 1378, 1431, 1485, 1540, 1596, 1653, 1711, 1770, 1830, 1891, 1953, 2016, 2080, 2145, 2211, 2278, 2346, 2415, 2485, 2556, 2628, 2701, 2775, 2850, 2926, 3003, 3081, 3160, 3240, 3321, 3403, 3486, 3570, 3655, 3741, 3828, 3916, 4005, 4095, 4186, 4278, 4371, 4465, 4560, 4656, 4753, 4851, 4950, 5050, 5151, 5253, 5356, 5460, 5565, 5671, 5778, 5886, 5995, 6105, 6216, 6328, 6441, 6555, 6670, 6786, 6903, 7021, 7140, 7260, 7381, 7503, 7626, 7750, 7875, 8001, 8128, 8256, 8385, 8515, 8646, 8778, 8911, 9045, 9180, 9316, 9453, 9591, 9730, 9870, 10011, 10153, 10296, 10440, 10585, 10731, 10878, 11026, 11175, 11325, 11476, 11628, 11781, 11935, 12090, 12246, 12403, 12561, 12720, 12880, 13041, 13203, 13366, 13530, 13695, 13861, 14028, 14196, 14365, 14535, 14706, 14878, 15051, 15225, 15400, 15576, 15753, 15931, 16110, 16290, 16471, 16653, 16836, 17020, 17205, 17391, 17578, 17766, 17955, 18145, 18336, 18528, 18721, 18915, 19110, 19306, 19503, 19701, 19900, 20100, 20301, 20503, 20706, 20910, 21115, 21321, 21528, 21736, 21945, 22155, 22366, 22578, 22791, 23005, 23220, 23436, 23653, 23871, 24090 ,24310, 24531, 24753, 24976, 25200, 25425, 25651, 25878, 26106, 26335, 26565, 26796, 27028, 27261, 27495, 27730, 27966, 28203, 28441, 28680, 28920, 29161, 29403, 29646, 29890, 30135, 30381, 30628, 30876, 31125, 31375, 31626, 31878, 32131, 32385, 32640, 32896, 33153, 33411, 33670, 33930, 34191, 34453, 34716, 34980, 35245, 35511, 35778, 36046, 36315, 36585, 36856, 37128, 37401, 37675, 37950, 38226, 38503, 38781, 39060, 39340, 39621, 39903, 40186, 40470, 40755, 41041, 41328, 41616, 41905, 42195, 42486, 42778, 43071, 43365, 43660, 43956, 44253, 44551, 44850, 45150, 45451, 45753, 46056, 46360, 46665, 46971, 47278, 47586, 47895, 48205, 48516, 48828, 49141, 49455, 49770, 50086, 50403, 50721, 51040, 51360, 51681, 52003, 52326, 52650, 52975, 53301, 53628, 53956, 54285, 54615, 54946, 55278, 55611, 55945, 56280, 56616, 56953, 57291, 57630, 57970, 58311, 58653, 58996, 59340, 59685, 60031, 60378, 60726, 61075, 61425, 61776, 62128, 62481, 62835, 63190, 63546, 63903, 64261, 64620, 64980, 65341, 65703, 66066, 66430, 66795, 67161, 67528, 67896, 68265, 68635, 69006, 69378, 69751, 70125, 70500, 70876, 71253, 71631, 72010, 72390, 72771, 73153, 73536, 73920, 74305, 74691, 75078, 75466, 75855, 76245, 76636, 77028, 77421, 77815, 78210, 78606, 79003, 79401, 79800, 80200, 80601, 81003, 81406, 81810, 82215, 82621, 83028, 83436, 83845, 84255, 84666, 85078, 85491, 85905, 86320, 86736, 87153, 87571, 87990, 88410, 88831, 89253, 89676, 90100, 90525, 90951, 91378, 91806, 92235, 92665, 93096, 93528, 93961, 94395, 94830, 95266, 95703, 96141, 96580, 97020, 97461, 97903, 98346, 98790, 99235, 99681, 100128, 100576, 101025, 101475, 101926, 102378, 102831, 103285, 103740, 104196, 104653, 105111, 105570, 106030, 106491, 106953, 107416, 107880, 108345, 108811, 109278, 109746, 110215, 110685, 111156, 111628, 112101, 112575, 113050, 113526, 114003, 114481, 114960, 115440, 115921, 116403, 116886, 117370, 117855, 118341, 118828, 119316, 119805, 120295, 120786 ,121278, 121771, 122265, 122760, 123256, 123753, 124251, 124750, 125250, 125751, 126253, 126756, 127260, 127765, 128271, 128778, 129286, 129795, 130305, 130816, 131328, 131841, 132355, 132870, 133386, 133903, 134421, 134940, 135460, 135981, 136503, 137026, 137550, 138075, 138601, 139128, 139656, 140185, 140715, 141246, 141778, 142311, 142845, 143380, 143916, 144453, 144991, 145530, 146070 ,146611, 147153, 147696, 148240, 148785, 149331, 149878, 150426, 150975, 151525, 152076, 152628, 153181, 153735, 154290, 154846, 155403, 155961,156520, 157080, 157641, 158203, 158766, 159330, 159895, 160461, 161028, 161596, 162165, 162735, 163306, 163878, 164451, 165025, 165600, 166176, 166753, 167331, 167910, 168490, 169071, 169653, 170236, 170820, 171405, 171991, 172578, 173166, 173755, 174345, 174936, 175528, 176121, 176715, 177310, 177906, 178503, 179101, 179700, 180300, 180901, 181503, 182106, 182710, 183315, 183921, 184528, 185136, 185745, 186355, 186966, 187578, 188191, 188805, 189420, 190036, 190653, 191271, 191890, 192510, 193131, 193753, 194376, 195000, 195625, 196251, 196878, 197506, 198135, 198765, 199396, 200028, 200661, 201295, 201930, 202566, 203203, 203841, 204480, 205120, 205761, 206403, 207046, 207690, 208335, 208981, 209628, 210276, 210925, 211575, 212226, 212878, 213531, 214185, 214840, 215496, 216153, 216811, 217470, 218130, 218791, 219453, 220116, 220780, 221445, 222111, 222778, 223446, 224115, 224785, 225456, 226128, 226801, 227475, 228150, 228826, 229503, 230181, 230860, 231540, 232221, 232903, 233586, 234270, 234955, 235641, 236328, 237016, 237705, 238395, 239086, 239778, 240471, 241165, 241860, 242556, 243253, 243951, 244650, 245350, 246051, 246753, 247456, 248160, 248865, 249571, 250278, 250986, 251695, 252405, 253116, 253828, 254541, 255255, 255970, 256686, 257403, 258121, 258840, 259560, 260281, 261003, 261726, 262450, 263175, 263901, 264628, 265356, 266085, 266815, 267546, 268278, 269011, 269745, 270480, 271216, 271953, 272691, 273430, 274170, 274911, 275653, 276396, 277140, 277885, 278631, 279378, 280126, 280875, 281625, 282376, 283128, 283881, 284635, 285390, 286146, 286903, 287661, 288420, 289180, 289941, 290703, 291466, 292230, 292995, 293761, 294528, 295296, 296065, 296835, 297606, 298378, 299151, 299925, 300700, 301476, 302253, 303031, 303810, 304590, 305371, 306153, 306936, 307720, 308505, 309291, 310078, 310866, 311655, 312445, 313236, 314028, 314821, 315615, 316410, 317206, 318003, 318801, 319600, 320400, 321201, 322003, 322806, 323610, 324415, 325221, 326028, 326836, 327645, 328455, 329266, 330078, 330891, 331705, 332520, 333336, 334153, 334971, 335790, 336610, 337431, 338253, 339076, 339900, 340725, 341551, 342378, 343206, 344035, 344865, 345696, 346528, 347361, 348195, 349030, 349866, 350703, 351541, 352380, 353220, 354061, 354903, 355746, 356590, 357435, 358281, 359128, 359976, 360825, 361675, 362526, 363378, 364231, 365085, 365940, 366796, 367653, 368511, 369370, 370230, 371091, 371953, 372816, 373680, 374545, 375411, 376278, 377146, 378015, 378885, 379756, 380628, 381501, 382375, 383250, 384126, 385003, 385881, 386760, 387640, 388521, 389403, 390286, 391170, 392055, 392941, 393828, 394716, 395605, 396495, 397386, 398278, 399171, 400065, 400960, 401856, 402753, 403651, 404550, 405450, 406351, 407253, 408156, 409060, 409965, 410871, 411778, 412686, 413595, 414505, 415416, 416328, 417241, 418155, 419070, 419986, 420903, 421821, 422740, 423660, 424581, 425503, 426426, 427350, 428275, 429201, 430128, 431056, 431985, 432915, 433846, 434778, 435711, 436645, 437580, 438516, 439453, 440391, 441330, 442270, 443211, 444153, 445096, 446040, 446985, 447931, 448878, 449826, 450775, 451725, 452676, 453628, 454581, 455535, 456490, 457446, 458403, 459361, 460320, 461280, 462241, 463203, 464166, 465130, 466095, 467061, 468028, 468996, 469965, 470935, 471906, 472878, 473851, 474825, 475800, 476776, 477753, 478731, 479710, 480690, 481671, 482653, 483636, 484620, 485605, 486591, 487578, 488566, 489555, 490545, 491536, 492528, 493521, 494515, 495510, 496506, 497503, 498501, 499500, 500500,

TABLE TWO

Triangular Numbers Whose Reversals are also Triangular

1, 3, 6, 10, 55, 66, 120, 153, 171, 190, 300, 351, 595, 630, 666, 820, 3003, 5995, 8778, 15051, 17578, 66066, 87571, 156520, 180300, 185745, 547581, 557040, 617716, 678030, 828828, 1269621, 1461195, 1680861, 1851850, 3544453, 5073705, 5676765, 5911641, 6056940, 6295926, 12145056, 12517506, 16678200, 35133153, 56440000, 60571521, 61477416, 65054121, 157433640, 178727871, 188267310, 304119453, 354911403, 1261250200, 1264114621, 1382301910, 1634004361, 1775275491, 1945725771, 5289009825, 5329197180, 6172882716, 10246462281, 13953435931, 16048884061, 17990863516, 18226464201, 30416261403, 35615002605, 50524006140, 50620051653, 52869552900, 57003930075, 58574547585, 61536809971, 61728505930, 63410549140, 66771917766, 87350505378, 305852327670, 1205555876700, 1222080857271, 1283234841210, 1313207023131, 1664224065406, 1727580802221, 1744262774920, 3057371156400, 3549515012200, 525017

8710525, 5712769544196, 5977618167795, 6045604224661, 6149610421800, 6244562097010, 6874200024786, 6914459672175, 11700100864000, 12514986989506, 15603901754815,

TABLE THREE

Primes Whose Reversals are Triangular Numbers

3

19

307

523

631

1171

1801

5563

8731

12781

16831

30097

53299

54181

56629

62011

63667

64063

66457

67411

67807

108127

118801

128413

130303

131059

160453

188677

192637

196597

300583

302851

357661

506593

512011

526087

530443

533719

545473

553681

554707

557371

581041

602713

614701

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by Jason Earls

British researchers from Newcastle University and NorthEast England Stem Cell Institute claimed they created human sperm from embryonic stem cells.

Stem cells are known to be able to be developed into any kind of cells.  This is the first time scientists actually turn them into sperm cells.  The development of sperm through embryonic stem cells gives a beam of light to infertile men and also lesbian couples.  These people who are inability to reproduce can now have their own biological children.

Lead researcher Karim Nayernia from Newcastle University claimed that they had effectively used the sperm created in similar technique to produce baby mice.  The technique is published in the journal Stem Cells and Development.  However many scientists are not convinced the team created sperm, and many thought that the artificial human sperms are abnormal.

(news [pic])

Osmosis = “diffusion of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal”

(pic)

When did human start eating fish?  Why did human eat fish?  As a creature being on the land, it is unlikely for early human to think fish as a source of food.

An international team of research conducted a chemical analysis of protein collagen of a 40,000-year-old bone found at Tianyuan Cave near Beijing.  They examined the ratios of isotopes of nitrogen and sulfur, and determined that the bone owner was a regular fish consumer.  This study became direct evidence that the earliest modern human who ate fish was back in 40,000 years ago.

This regular fish consumption evidence was before the effective making of fishing equipment.  It is believed that the consumption of aquatic resources may be a reflection of pressure from expanding population when modern human emerged across Eurasia.

The study is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.